Hi, and welcome to Minnesota!

It will be nearly impossible to overwinter perennials in these railing planters.  You may be able to overwinter some perennials in very large pots that sit on the deck, but our winters are too cold, and too long for the roots of perennials to survive in such an unprotected environment.

None of the plants you have mentioned will survive, but there are lots of annuals and herbs that will provide color, texture, attract pollinators and flavor your salads, to boot!  Most any of these annuals can also be started indoors - now - so that you can transplant them into the planters in mid-May.

here is some information, and lots of different annual plants that could work in your ssituation.
http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/starting-seeds-indoors/

I hope this is helpful.  Please contact AaE again if you have further questions.

That was a very helpful link.
What do you think about a amaranthus, bachelor button, calendula, baby's breath, morning glory combo for these planters?

Any of these plants can be treated like annuals.  They will die in the winter, but Bachelor Buttons, Calendula and Morning Glories will re-seed themselves. You can take a chance on the seeds surviving in the soil, or harvest the seeds when the flowers are gone-by, and re-seed them the next spring.

Be aware, however...many of these plants will get quite large and will overwhelm your planter.  If they trail over the sides they may pull themselves out of the soil.  I'm familiar with this planter - I have a few of them myself.  As the summer goes on, the soil seems to disappear somewhat.  Either from draining out of the bottom holes, or washing over the sides during heavy rain, or watering.  They need to be watered frequently because - frankly they don't hold a lot of soil in the first place.

Oh well that is very concerning. Thanks for the heads up! It's not a great idea to have potential plants falling on people's heads from 20 stories up.
Are you familiar with the self watering planters? I'm trying them this year for my herbs and tomatoes. Perhaps ones hanging inside the balcony would be safer and better for the annuals? 

While I'm not experienced with self watering containers, they are on my bucket list (sorry) for this summer.  They would help with consistency of watering (even if it's hot and windy, water is available from the reservoir) and water conservation, provided that you catch and reuse the excess water.  There are many different kinds on the market and I can't vouch for one over the other.

Again, part of the problem is the small amount of soil to plant that helps anchor it in the pot.  Roots will grow into the water, through the holes in the interior shelf so that should help with stability.  If you look at some of the pictures of tall plants in these containers you will note that there needs to be some sort of support system - whether a stake in the pot, or by ties to a fence or other support.  

I think that these kinds of pots are a better option for what you want to do.  Just remember that they won't work for overwintering perennials.

Thanks for your questions!  Have fun this summer with your new garden.