Tough question. Most fast growing trees are like Silver maples. Have invasive roots, tend to break down in storms as they mature. I would recommend you look at a Japanese lilac. Nice flowers. birds tend to love it. Not a large tree but one to look at. Also check crab apple trees like Adams crab. Crabs can develop diseases on the leaves so if you like them try to find one resistant to disease. Another nice tree is the Kousa Dogwood. Great flowers that bloom in may. Not invasive but not a fast grower but would nice in your yard. River Birch is a nice tree but grows tall and the roots can be invasive. Judging from your picture i would stay away from trees that have invasive roots. Do you have a nursery nearby? If so, you can get an idea of what trees look like when young.
I looked again at your picture. I think the Lilac, Dogwood or crabs would fit well. If you go a nursery ask them for their ideas. Stay away from Bradford pears. Many states are not allowed to sell them. Feel free to contact me when you have your choices narrowed down. Luck

Thank you so much for the response. I feel like I have a starting point now, and we have nurseries in the area, so I will check them out. You were very thoughtful and thorough, thank you.